How Serotonin Impacts Health Through It's Effects on Brown Adipose Tissue
In terms of body temperature regulation, humans are categorized as “warm-blooded”. To be “warm-blooded” means that we have fine control over our body temperature which allows us to be active in various climate conditions.
Humans have multiple, efficient, and somewhat redundant mechanisms by which we can control our body temperature such that it is (usually) kept at a fixed point that we call “normal”. A variety of serotonin receptors including subtype 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 are a part of body temperature regulation in humans. Serotonin agonists at subtypes 2, 4, and 6 seem to increase body temperature while agonists at subtypes 1, 3, and 7 tend to reduce body temperature, but as we’ve already discussed, norepinephrine also plays a role in body temperature and thermogenesis through the stimulation of brown fat cells, so serotonin is just one substance that plays a role in body heat production.
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There are a variety of different serotonin receptor types in the brain and body that act to alter body temperature in humans. We discuss this in greater depth elsewhere, but it’s worth noting here that serotonin plays a role in modulating other neurotransmitters as well including GABA, glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Imbalances in serotonin levels can, as a result, impact the whole body and various aspects of nervous system transmission.Click here to subscribe to the Living Database now.
Serotonin and Brown Fat
Activation of brown fat is vital for good health. When brown adipose tissue exists in proper quantities, metabolic disease and obesity can be controlled. The serotonin transporter encoded by SLC6A4 can prevent serotonin from suppressing human brown adipose tissue function. As such, serotonin transport plays an important role in brown fat activation or suppression.Serotonin may reduce uncoupling protein 1 / thermogenin. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) or thermogenin is a special mitochondria membrane protein that is entirely devoted to adaptive thermogenesis performed by brown fat cells. Through UCP-1, breath (respiration) is uncoupled from the production of ATP (energy packets) in mitochondria. Thus, UCP-1 facilitates energy dissipation or heat production through fatty acid oxidation. UCP-1 has been studied for years as the only mitochondria membrane protein that plays this special role in heat production and fatty acid release / oxidation that helps the body adapt to the environment and heal itself.
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Serotonin decreases uncoupled respiration and it reduces UCP-1 via the serotonin 2B receptor. When the serotonin transporter (SERT) is inhibited by selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like sertraline, extracellular serotonin uptake is prevented. This, in turn, strengthens serotonin’s suppression of brown adipose cell activity.In scientific studies, an SSRI like sertraline reduces brown fat activation in healthy people which shows how SSRIs can contribute to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction (specifically through the SSRIs inhibitory effects on brown fat). Patients who are taking an SSRI may benefit more from brown fat-activating herbs or treatments like cold shock therapy to overcome depression or other mood-related issues in a more permanent way. Serotonergic drugs may, in fact, hijack general health through its toxic effects on brown adipose tissue.
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